Drawing of Laboratory Apparatus

These are some of my drawings

Symbols for safety precaution

	Radiation	These substances are radioactive. Radiation can damage cells and cause cancer.
	Biohazard	These are living organisms that may cause infection.
	Explosive	A substance that may explode if it comes into contact with a flame or heat. It may also explode due to friction or shock.
	Oxidising	This type of substance gives of a large amount of heat when in contact with other substances.
	Toxic	A substance that is poisonous if swallowed or breathed in. It may even go through your skin!
	Corrosive	A substance that may destroy living tissue on contact.  It causes a burn.
	Flammable	A substance that can catch fire easily.
	Harmful	A substance that may cause harm in some way
	Irritant	A substance that may cause irritation to the skin, eyes or inside your body.

LAB Safety

BEFORE THE EXPERIMENT

• do not enter the laboratory to conduct experiments without your teachers permission
•  read and understand instructions on how to carry out an experiment
• if you are unclear please clarify with the teacher
• wear safety goggles whenever you or your friends around are conducting experiments that involve heating and mixing of harmful chemicals.
•  check the label of the container that matches what you have to use and remember to close it properly after use
• if you have long hair or long sleeves please tie or roll them up to avoid them getting caught in an open flame or chemical spillage
• Do not bring food or drinks into the laboratory
• no eating or drinking is allowed during laboratory sessions

 DURING THE EXPERIMENT

• do not run in a laboratory, especially when you are carrying chemicals or laboratory apparatus
• do not insert wires, metal strips or sharp objects into electrical mains nor tamper with electric cables
• if you see any exposed electrical wires, report to your teacher immediately
• report any accident such as spillage of chemicals or broken apparatus to you teacher
• wash you clothes or any part of your body thoroughly with water immediately if any chemical spills on your clothes
• do not taste any chemicals in the laboratory, as some may be highly corrosive or poisonous
• when mixing chemicals or boiling liquids in a test tube, always point the mouth of the test tube away from anyone close to you, so as to prevent any injury caused by chemical reaction or boiling liquid
• do not leave any highly flammable substances near any naked flame
• follow instructions of experiments closely to ensure that you are handling chemicals and apparatus correctly

AFTER THE EXPERIMENT

• dispose of materials and chemicals properly as instructed by teacher
• pour away any excess chemicals back into their containers or sink
• do not remove any chemical or apparatus from the laboratory without permission
• wash, clean and tidy up all apparatus after each and every experiment
• return them to their proper storage area after washing
• wash your hands after each experiment, especially when you handle chemicals 

Skills and Attitudes to Science

Creativity

• A creative person will seek innovative and relevant ways to solve problems and particularly challenging ones.
• An example is that even before Wilbur and Orville Wright had invented airplanes, scientists went into creative pursuit such as studying of mechanical flight by Leonardo da Vinci to designs of gliders by Sir George Cayley, the Father of  Aerodynamics 

Curiosity

• A good scientist is always curious about how and why things happen around them, near or far. When there is questions, it will lead people to make observations and thus gain new understanding of the environment, and they might also go explore deeper thus having more new findings.

Objectivity 

• You must never let your belief or first impression prejudice the influence the way and experiment is conducted, analyzed or reported.  

Open-Mindedness

• It is very important for you to be flexible and be willing to change your views if the evidence is convincing. This is very important especially when you work as a team with many members, and all of them might have different views from each other.  

Perseverance

• It is to pursue a problem until a satis factory solution is found even when initial results may not be what you expect. As every failed experiment is an opportunity to learn.
• An example is that, Thomas Edison the inventor of the light bulb, had tried 3000 metals that did not work for a filament before he found one that could work. And some more he made EIGHT THOUSAND AND ONE attempts to find the right material that can hold an electric charge in a battery.
• Another example is that Albert einstein probably had Aspergers Syndrome, a type of autism widely stated that he was dyslexic ,but there is some controversy about this. But he overcomed difficulties and he was a brilliant atomic physicist, probably most famous for his Theory of Relativity. 

Bunsen Burners

Non-luminous flame

•  when the air hole of the Bunsen Burner is open 
• when the air hole is open, more oxygen can enter the burner; therefore, hotter flame will be produced." 
• its color is transparent or blue 
• Blue flames are its hottest flames 

Luminous flame

•  is produced when the air hole is closed
• if the air hole is closed, oxygen cannot enter the burner; therefore, least hotter because the combustion is not fully complete with least oxygen 
• A luminous flame has an outer of orange color and an inner of blue. 
• Luminous flames emits more light than non-luminous flames.
  

Term 3 Ace

Observations before

The potato in the Salt water solution

                               i.            The slice of the potato was floating near the surface of the water

                             ii.            Its diameter is 4.2 cm

The potato in the Sugar water solution

                               i.            The slice of the potato floated in the middle of the cup

                             ii.            The diameter of the potato is 4.2 cm

The potato in the Plain water

                               i.            The slice of the potato was at the bottom of the cup

                             ii.            The diameter of the potato is 4.2 cm

Observations after an hour

The potato in the Salt water solution

                               i.            After an hour, there were air bubbles form on the surface of the water

                             ii.            The slice of potato sank to the bottom of the cup after an hour

                          iii.            The slice of the potato had turned a little darker

                          iv.            The size of the potato has decreased it shrank by 0.3 cm

                             v.            It turned more flexible and soft

The potato in the Sugar water solution

                               i.            The potato sank to the bottom of the cup after an hour

                             ii.             The potato turned smaller a little

                          iii.            It also became a little softer but not as much as the on in the Salt water solution

                          iv.            The size of the potato remained the same, as it is still 4.2 cm.

The potato in the Plain water

                               i.            The potato remained at the same place it did not sink or float

                             ii.            It turned larger by 0.2cm

                          iii.            It became more rigid than it was at the start

 

	The potato in the Salt water solution	The potato in the Sugar water solution	The potato in the Plain water
BEFORE AFTER	4.2 cm 3.9 cm	4.2 cm 4.2 cm	4.2 cm 4.4 cm

Why did that happen? It has to do with a process called osmosis. The potato is made up of tiny, living units called cells. Each cell is surrounded by a cell membrane which acts much as your skin does. It keeps the cells parts inside and keep other things outside, protecting the cell. While this membrane stops most things, water can pass through it. The water tends to move towards higher concentrations of dissolved chemicals. That means that if the water outside the cell is saltier than the water inside, water will move from the inside of the cell to the outside. That is what happened to the slice of potato in the salt water. As the water left the cell it was much like letting the air out of a balloon. As more and more of the cells lost water, the slice of potato became soft and flexible. The same thing happened for the sugar, but since the cells in the potato contain more sugar than they do salt, the cells did not get as soft.

When you put the potato into the plain water, the reverse happened. Water moved from the outside, where there was no salt or sugar, into the cell where there was some. This caused the cells to swell up, becoming very stiff.

Solution and suspension

When a solute is a substance that dissolves in a solvent. A solvent is a substance that dissolves a solute.
Example of suspension

• Mud or muddy water, is where soil, clay, or silt particles are suspended in water
• Dust particles suspended in air
• Flour suspended in water

Some Examples of Solution

• Commonly encountered solutions involving solid dissolved in a liquid. Solutions in which the solvent is a liquid and the solute is a gas, liquid, or solid are very common.
• The atmosphere is a good example of a solution in which a gaseous solvent (nitrogen) dissolves other gases (such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and neon)
• Solutions of solids in solids are also another example, they are encountered in among various metal alloys 

Separation Techniques 

1. Distillation

Distillation is a unit operation, or a physical separation process, and not a chemical reaction. It can be usedd to separate a mixture of two liquids it involves boiling and condensation.

Magnetic Attraction

It can help to separate mixtures of Magnetic Substances from Non-Magnetic Substances. It uses magnetism. For example, put a mixture in a dish and hold a magnet slightly above the mixture in the dish, and the magnetic substances will be attracted to the Magnet thus separating them.

Evaporation

When a solid dissolves in a liquid, it is known as the solute. The liquid that the solid dissolves in is known as the solvent. Evaporation is used to separate solids from liquids in a solid-liquid mixture.






Chromatography                                               

You can use a filter paper. Firstly draw a starting line with pencil and it should be above the water. Next dot a coloured spot using, e.g. a pen, marker. Then put the paper in alcohol or ethanol but do not submerge it. Then coloured spots will be left in different places.


Filtration

It can be used for solid-solid, solid-liquid and liquid liquid mixture, as it is the size of the partiles that matter. Example you can place apiece of filter paper in a filter funnel, and put a beaker under it. Next pour the mixture into the filter funnel with the filter paper. The liquid passes through, while the insoluble solids does not pass through. Lastly the filtrate will be collected in the beaker, and the residue remains on the filter paper.

Separating funnel

It can separate immiscible liquids. Immiscible liquids are liquids that do not mix with each other, and an example is oil and water.

Crystallization

It is a process by which a dissolved solid(solute) separates from a solution in the form of crystals. It can be use to obtain salts such as copper sulphate. You can set up an apparatus of a beaker of the solution. Next apply heat under the beaker with a bunsen burner, until a hot saturated solution is formed. Lastly let the solution cool, the mixture is filtered. Separation is complete. Crystallization is commonly used by scientists to purify solids.

Sublimation


Sublimation is a process whereby some matters change from the solid state to the gaseous state without going through the liquid state. An example is, place the mixture in an evaporating dish, and position it over a bunsen burner. Now place the inverted funnel just above the dish. The substance with the higher melting point will still be left on the dish. The other substance will vapourise and solidify when it condenses on the surface of the funnel. It involves boiling, evaporation and condensation.