Separation Techniques 

1. Distillation

Distillation is a unit operation, or a physical separation process, and not a chemical reaction. It can be usedd to separate a mixture of two liquids it involves boiling and condensation.

Magnetic Attraction

It can help to separate mixtures of Magnetic Substances from Non-Magnetic Substances. It uses magnetism. For example, put a mixture in a dish and hold a magnet slightly above the mixture in the dish, and the magnetic substances will be attracted to the Magnet thus separating them.

Evaporation

When a solid dissolves in a liquid, it is known as the solute. The liquid that the solid dissolves in is known as the solvent. Evaporation is used to separate solids from liquids in a solid-liquid mixture.






Chromatography                                               

You can use a filter paper. Firstly draw a starting line with pencil and it should be above the water. Next dot a coloured spot using, e.g. a pen, marker. Then put the paper in alcohol or ethanol but do not submerge it. Then coloured spots will be left in different places.


Filtration

It can be used for solid-solid, solid-liquid and liquid liquid mixture, as it is the size of the partiles that matter. Example you can place apiece of filter paper in a filter funnel, and put a beaker under it. Next pour the mixture into the filter funnel with the filter paper. The liquid passes through, while the insoluble solids does not pass through. Lastly the filtrate will be collected in the beaker, and the residue remains on the filter paper.

Separating funnel

It can separate immiscible liquids. Immiscible liquids are liquids that do not mix with each other, and an example is oil and water.

Crystallization

It is a process by which a dissolved solid(solute) separates from a solution in the form of crystals. It can be use to obtain salts such as copper sulphate. You can set up an apparatus of a beaker of the solution. Next apply heat under the beaker with a bunsen burner, until a hot saturated solution is formed. Lastly let the solution cool, the mixture is filtered. Separation is complete. Crystallization is commonly used by scientists to purify solids.

Sublimation


Sublimation is a process whereby some matters change from the solid state to the gaseous state without going through the liquid state. An example is, place the mixture in an evaporating dish, and position it over a bunsen burner. Now place the inverted funnel just above the dish. The substance with the higher melting point will still be left on the dish. The other substance will vapourise and solidify when it condenses on the surface of the funnel. It involves boiling, evaporation and condensation.